Pathauto

"The Pathauto module automatically generates URL/path aliases for various kinds of content (nodes, taxonomy terms, users) without requiring the user to manually specify the path alias. This allows you to have URL aliases like /category/my-node-title instead of /node/123. The aliases are based upon a "pattern" system that uses tokens which the administrator can change."

Token

Gives replacement tokens. This module is used by so many other modules, you are sure to use it and learn it if you haven't already.