This module "allows permissions to be set to each field within the Authoring information and Publishing options field sets on the node form. It also allows selected field sets to be set as collapsed and / or collapsible."

"This module allows fine-grained access control of user administrators, by providing various editing protection for users. The protections can be specific to a user, or applied to all users in a role."

Rabbit Hole is a module that adds the ability to control what should happen when an entity is being viewed at its own page.

Also see Internal Nodes

This module redirects to a user login when a user hits a page they do not have access to.